Economic Dog Care Tips - Be One of The Responsible Dog Owners

Days are becoming ,more and more harsh, with the fall economy and most of the people, I hang out with, are worried about how to cut short their expenses. "Offload you headache on me", I told them. I asked too many questions to them and found that most of them spend more than they should. Loving dogs and being responsible dog owners doesn't mean you need to go beyond your capacity, breaking your piggy bank savings. Even in the tough economy, when freaking out for a weekend drive sometimes proves to be a hard nut to crack, there are loads of way outs you can still keep dogs and be one of those responsible dog owners who make things easier before they find themselves like a fish out of water.

If you are thinking of adopting a puppy, but at the same time worried about the financial situation... stop worrying any longer! Tension only breeds diseases... nothing else. Just follow these simple steps to cut down the costs without compromising your quality of care.

Save Money on Buying a dog: Wait. Don't make mess in haste. Sit back on your couch with your lappy and look for the breeders in your locality. Make sure you don't get into the traps of brokers. Talk to your pals, asking for the name of the breeders if they know someone. Contact the breeder directly. Look for some more breeders and compare the prices.

Save Money on Dog Care and Puppy Care: Pet parents are tightening up their belts as an effect of the down trodden global economy. Good news is that pet parents can continue providing their puppies with highest quality care. Low cost preventive measures are for all and everyone. Visit low-cost vaccination clinics of PETCO. Right kind of preventive care at the right time is the way to cut cost in the future. A responsible dog owner knows well that his dog can be protected from many life threatning diseases and the huge expenses thereby, simply by vaccinating, deworming and heartworm preventative. Look for the clinics that offer low-cost vaccinations. Dog owners can greatly reduce the chance of their pets contracting diseases like distemper, heartworm disease, parainfluenza, and canine parvovirus and the expenses involved in treating the diseases by taking some simple steps for prevention. Vaccinate your puppy at least against Rabies and diseases like distemper, heartworm disease, parainfluenza, and canine parvovirus. PETCO is really doing a fabulous job... I must say. "As the economy slows, we've seen an increase in the number of customers visiting our clinics nationwide. This program offers a budget-friendly solution to pet parents looking to provide a great quality preventative care to their dogs and cats," said Taylor Phillips, PETCO's vice president of pet services new growth.

Save Money on Dog Grooming: No point taking your dog to one of those dog grooming salons that charge high for their services. If you can't bathe him at home, you can take him to a do-it-yourself dog washing facility suit. Advisable is to wash him and groom him at home... that saves a lot of money.

Save Money on Pet Food: If your commercial dog food brand proves to be too expensive, you can look for a discount pet supply stores that offer varieties of specialty dog food brands - both holistic and natural, at much budgeted price. Buying larger quantities at a time will be even more cheaper, which saves a lot of average total expenses. You can make home made food for your dogs and puppies. Your vet is the best person to advice you on the ingredients you should consider, while making high quality home made foods.

Save Money on Veterinary Medicines: If you are on a tight budget constraint, certain veterinary medicines may prove to be expensive for you. Ask your vet for substitute medicines of lower cost. There are lots of brands that sell medicines of same composition at different price. Homeopathy can be more effective at minimum cost!

Online Shopping for dog stuff: Save money on purchasing dog products. This may sound weired to many dog owners, but it works! Online shopping for pet products is the best way to get the right thing at much affordable price range. You can order some of the prescription medicines and all non-prescription medicines online. Dog products like flea preventives and heartworm preventatives, dog shampoo, dog soaps and even dog foods and treats, which might prove to be expensive in pet supply stores can be found in much cheaper cost in online shopping sites.Companies like 1-800-PetMeds usually comes up with the quality range of products at almost an unbeatably low price range.

Save Money on Dog Training: Specially dogs like German Shepherd Dogs, Mastiffs, Rottweilers, Great Danes etc. are required to be obedience trained. If you are looking forward to cutting down your budget, better be a trainer yourself. Yes... it's no magic! True that training is not everyone's cup of tea, but clicker dog training kit consist of the whole manual book that can educate you to be a trainer of your dog. Some of the clicker dog training kit provides you with the video CD or DVD to help beginners to learn the foundation skills that one must possess as a trainer or handler. The guide manual and the CD will teach you the basics of clicker training. Training session should be started of as early as 8 - 12 weeks of age.

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Rare Dog Breed Information: Campeiro Bulldog - Brazilian Bulldog Breed

One of the most rare dog breeds in the world, the Buldogue Campeiro i.e. Campeiro Bulldog is commonly called Brazilian Bulldog or Brasilian Bulldog and even sometimes called Rural Bulldog has been reported to have come into the scene round the 16th Century. Brazilian Bulldog was once common in Brazil and was made to use especially by the shepherds to capture the wild or lost cattle. Very less is known about Campeiro Bulldog or Brazilian Bulldog breed, but documentations about the breed's history and its origin have stated that this is an extremely rustic working breed of dog. Brazilian Bulldog (Brasilian Bulldog or Campeiro Bulldog) descends from the English Bulldogs and introduced by the European immigrants in 16th crentury to the Santa Catarina and Rio Grande del Sur in Brazil. One amongst the very ancient dog breeds, the Brazilian Bulldogs was bred to create a perfect rural working dog breed for the Brazilian rustic society. Though the name was actually derived from the name English Bulldog, but as an influence of the portugese language, some words like "Buldogue Pampeano", "Bordoga", "Buldogue Campeiro", "Burdogue" etc. have been found to have come up. The Brazilian Bulldog that we see today hails from the Egnlish Bulldogs that used to help the slaughterhouses owners for holding and killiing furious bulls whenever required.

Appearance:

At the first sight, the Brazilian Bulldog gives an impression of incredible power with typically strong constitution. This is a breed with terrific stamina and strength, but at the same time he is agile enough too. One of the most perfect canine breed for the Brazilian rustic society, this Rural Bulldog has been reported not to suffer from too many diseases, except for certain commonly know health disorders that any breed around the world may be afflicted to.

The short, smooth coat, are set tightly flat and not fluffy and shows medium texture. The distinct muscle tone, strong and muscular neck, deep and broad chest with well round rib cage, wide head, strong and wide snout and powerful jaw, give an impression of great strength and courage and add weight to his boastful gestures. The forequarter is slightly sloping and the front legs are turned little outwards. Muzzle is broad, but a bit short (around1/3 of the length of skull), his almond eyes, small to medium ears that are set high, rose and wide, semi-pendulous lips with well-rounded cheeks add a bit of essence to his fierce facial appearance. The moderately heavy boned not-so-long legs and are sturdy enough work hard in the rustic belts of Brazil. Found in a wide variety of colors, ranging from solid white to brindle and even the combination of white and tan, almost all colors are allowed by the dog kennel of choice. One noticable point is that there has been no report of solid black Brazilian Bulldog. Brasilian Bulldogs are born with croocked tail, which is a bit shorter - that doesn't reach beyond hock.

Height at wither: 18.9 and 22.8 inches
Weight: 35 and 45 kg (77.2 and 99.2 lb)

Ideal as a guard dog in the modern society, the Campeiro Bulldog displays a real marvellous look..

Behavior and Temperament:

Despite his aggressive look and immense strength this rural bod breed - the Brazilian Bulldog (Brasilian Bulldog) is docile enough to his owners and pack members. May be a bit too aggressive towards the stranger and intruders the Rural Bulldog is calm and display a cool behavior, if not challenged. He is perfect as a company dog, especially for hostile field environment, but as apartment dogs, Brazilian Bulldogs have proved to be a good companion too! His submissive nature is a real boon for his owner, who won't have too much of temperament problems if he knows who the boss is and his pack members. His is loyal to his owner and displays calm demeanor with accentuated spirit of an warrior. Brazilian Bulldogs are a bit too obstinate to cross any hurdle, while at the same time controlled enough to show high degree of obedience at the commands of his master.

Recognition:

Brazilian Bulldog has been recognized by Brazilian Canine Organization (CBKC). Not yet recognized by FCI.

Pictures of dogs taken from net

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Shar Pei - The Wrinkle Dogs: A Long Held Mystery Unfolded

With just a week or so to go before Mr. Barack Obama to be sworn in, the hype is at its zenith! Today's breaking news is, an incredible number of around four million people, including Bono and Beyoncé is going to be attending the Obama inauguration! Starting this weekend, as many as 10,000 buses, innumerable cabs, trains and air vehicles are going top ferry upwards of this huge volume of mass into Washington DC. The hype is really at it's peak... and Mr. Obama seems to be not paying much attention on the First Dog issue - his commitments to his daughter. I'll write about Obama Dog when he will be up to it again. Until then, I am sure, he's not going to change his focus from Labradoodle or a Portugese Water Hound.

So let's take a turn towards a bit different stuff about dogs. Here's something that most of the dog lovers have been wondering about. Why Shar pei have so much of wrinkles? The mystery's revealed. The article has been adapted from an extract provided by "Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona" - UAB. A group of scientists at the UAB have been burning their midnight oil to trace out the secret about the heavy wrinkles in SharPei dogs. They discovered the origin of mucinosis - rather dermal mucinosis (broad clinical and histologic category of diseases) that is present in the breed. This is a hereditary health disorder, which is responsible for the characteristic wrinkles of this dog breed. The study was carried out by scientists Lluís Ferrer, Maria José Docampo, Giordana Zanna, Anna Bassols and Dolors Fondevila from the UAB, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and a report of this appeared in the journals Veterinary Dermatology and Journal of Heredity.

In the report the researchers talked about a genetic alteration in Shar Pei dogs, which multiplies the activity of an enzyme that produces excessive hyaluronic acid in abnormally excess amount. Hyaluronic acid is one of the major components found in the space between tissue cells. The excess production hyaluronic acid, gathers under the skin and makes the skin of Shar Pei wrinkled, which is a disease. The age old belief that the wrinkles of Shar Pei skin are a natural charecteristics, has now been proved wrong! According to the scientists its a disease caused by the accumulation of excessive hyaluronic acid in the sub-cutaneous region as well as in their blood stream too. Scientists have isolated fibroblast cell cultures from the Shar Pei's skin, which allowed them to demonstrate how synthesis of hyaluronic acid is produced in high amounts due to an hyper activity of the HAS2 enzyme - one of the three enzymes that encourages the synthesis of acid in mammals.

If this is a disease anyway, the Shar Pei breeders would need to understand the molecular mechanism and have to choose for a more scientific and selective breeding programmes, with a motive to make life better for Shar Pei dogs. I think, happy days for the Shar pei are not away. Re-designing of Shar Pei breeding program is the only solution to this health disorder in Shar Pei dogs, according to the researchers.

All shar pei photos are taken from net

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Unrecognized Labradoodle Dog Breed Spotlighted: Obama Dog Issue

Well, I think Malia hasn't stopped disturbing her dad about getting a puppy! I am glad she is such a great dog lovers... she will not let her dad take the charge of the great country without being presented a puppy! Great Melia and Sasha... Keep it up! Good news is that the president too has not stopped sparing thoughts over the issue! Barack Obama has narrowed down his choice of incoming First Dog to either of the two: Portuguese Water Dog or Labradoodle. Despite the Peru Government showed eagerness to giftPresident Obama a beautiful hypoallergenic dog breed, he didn't responded positively to that. Probably because it was completely a hairless dog that he might not have liked, but EARS, the Peruvian Hairless Dog was an amazing specimen!

Obama's hunt for the First Dog have been breeding confusion since the first day! Even Obama seems to have been gripped in dilema regarding the President Dog. But with the president-elect Barack Obama narrowing his selection of a dog for Malia and Sasha, things are going to be solved soon... I think. Better late than never! On January 12, 2009 Obama told George Stephanopoulos, the ABC’s host that his daughters Malia and Sasha will make the selection very soon. He said publicly, “We’re now going to start looking at shelters to see when one of those dogs might come up”.

Now the question is what these Portuguese Water Dog or Labradoodle actually are?

Well for sure, I can say that these breeds are not as common as Joe Biden’s new puppy, which is a pure bred German Shepherd Dog and George Bush's "Barney", which is a pure-bred Scottish-Terrier.
Labradoodle is easily understandable to be a mixed breed, crossed between a Labrador Retriever and a Poodle. Candidly speaking, I have never chanced to see a Labradoodle in my life, but have recently came across an article about the Obama Dog, which mentions a name of a proud owner of a labradoodle. Mr. Philip Crammond, who owns a labradoodle defines his dog in 5 simple words: “state of the art canine”!Although not yet been recognized by any major Kennel Club, yet certain handful of sources have talked about the Labradoodle. History spans back to 1989, when Wally Conron, a breeder from Australia deliberately bred Labradoodle, by crossing a Labrador Retriever and Standard Poodle to be used as Guide Dogs for Guide Dog Victoria. Conron focused on producing a unique canine companion to be used as Guide Dog for people with allergies to dandruff and shadding coat. He selected Poodle for they shedding less and a Labrador for they are gentle and easily trainable. Till today the Guide Dog Victoria have been breeding Labradoodles and the progenies are trained to be used as Guide dogs, Assistant dogs, and Therapy Dogs in many countries. They haven't earned popularity as family pets like the pure-bred dogs, even though they can make amazing family pets.

I think, one major reason for not yet been recognized by any major kennel club as a specific breed might be due to the fact that Labradoodle don't show a consistently predictable nature. Although most of the Labradoodles show the desired traits, in their behavior and appearence, yet from an overall breed perspective, this breed is quite unpredictable, which makes it impossible to draw a fixed breed standard for it. Hence, we can't call it a pure breed, but a mutt. For instance, Labradoodles' coat can vary widely, ranging between soft and smooth to typically wiry. It can be straight, wavy, or even curly. Although most of the Labradoodles do not shed or shed less, but some do shed moderately. Although most of the Labradoodles do not have doggy odor, but some do have. Colors may vary to a great extent starting from white, creamy white and faint gold to rich gold, apricot, red, brown and even black. Alike their roots of origin (Labrador Retriever and Poodle), Labradoodles generally show docile nature, comprised of friendliness, energetic and good with kids.

Barack Obama might have to go for swim each fine morning with his dog instead of just a walk, whether he chooses a Labradoodle or a Portuguese Water Dog!

Labradoodles often display moderate affinity towards water, which is a trait that is genetically transformed from both Labradors and Poodles. Portuguese Water Dog is definite to show highly strong affinity towards water.

Stay tuned... More to come about Portuguese Water Dog.

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Afrikan Azawakh Dog Breed Information - Ancient Dog Breed

Afrikan Azawakh Dog is another most ancient and rare dog breed that has been in existence for centuries. Azawakh dog is a breed, built for speed! The slender, bony structure of an Azawakh dog are the major attributes that have helped him to be enrolled in the fastest dog breeds of the world. Azawakh Dog is a sighthound dog breed, originated Africa. Documentations of the recent studies on this breed have shown that the Azawakh Dogs have hailed from the pariah dogs of sub-Saharan Africa. Also known by other names like Idi, Tuareg Sloughi, Hanshee, Oska and Wulo, the Azawakh Dog breed is closely related to the Sloughi of the Maghreb. Azawakh (pronounced ‘Oz-a-wok’), which means the ‘land of the north’, gets its name from Azawakh Valley in Sahel region of the Sahara desert.

Origin of Afrikan Azawakh Dog:

Since the origin of the Azawakh Dog is lost in time, not much is exactly known about the breed origin, but evidences have shown that he has been serving the Tuareg tribes and other nomads of the Central African countries of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso for millenia! People have been using Azawakh Dogs as hunter, guard, and as companion dog. With passage of time Azawakh got an opportunity to enter people's drawing room as a symbol of status. Even these days, often the Aazawakh can be seen lying on the straw roofs of their Mali owners. As the night predators like hayenas approach, the Azawakhs would the first ones to ponce on the intruders in group and kill them. One think to be said for sure that the Azawakh Dogs originated in Sahel region of Africa, and have a relation with the sight hounds. studies have show that Azawakh dogs have a morphological structure that is very much similar to the Middle Eastern and of the North African sighthounds. Besides, researchers have studied the mitochondrial DNA evidence to conclude that Azawakh dog is only very distant member to other sight hounds! Quite interestingly, this ancient dog have a rare Glucose Isomerase Allele (GPI) that matches with that of certain entirely different mammals like jackals, foxes, Italian wolves and a few other quite different types of rare members of canidae family, from Japanese origin.

Appearance:

Recommended as a pet, working dog, or a companion dog, the Afrikan Azawakh dog has his own distinctly unique look that is intensely dry and bony, yet elegant enough to display an aesthetically sporty appearance. The typical structural qualities - strikingly slender and elegant physique with geometric simplicity of the Azawakh dog, have allowed him to serve three distinct purposes: as a protective companion, as a swift and very powerful coursing dog, and as a status symbol for the elites of the society. The dry muscle tone are visible clearly under the taut skin, has given him an exceptionally graceful look, whether he is stacked or on a stylized move. Unlike the Whippet and Greyhound the "dry" muscles of Azawakh Dog lie quite flat with the body. The short, smooth and silky coat are set close tight, giving it a more sporty appearance. The coat is almost absent in the belly region. In a well-bred Azawakh, the large, dark or amber 'almond eyes' are set in the right proportion with the slightly long and slender head to give an intelligent facial gesture. Ears are set high, fine, drooping, triangular with rounded tip. Muzzle is almost half the head's length. Nose has open nostrils, with black or brown pigments. The long, thin, and tapered tail is set low and has white brush at tip. All these merge together to give the dog a unique look. The Azawakh is the only dog breed that moves with a distinctly feline poses, characterized by "bouncy gallop". The natural gait of a well-bred Azawakh is collected and elastic, with a cool demeanor, giving out brief feral glances hither and thither, without being distracted out of the motive! The long and slender legs allow the dog to run at a speed as high as 40 miles per hour. The relatively broader feet enables him to walk miles on the Saharan sand at easy, like some of the other dessert mammals like camels.

The breed standard calls for the Azawakh Dog breed, ranges between 33 to 55 pounds for body weight and 25 to 29 inches for the height at wither.
Although in his native land the Azawakh Dog is found in a wide range of color combinations and varied degrees of refinements, the FCI breed standard calls for the allowance of the pigments, ranging from clear sand color to dark fawn or brown, red and brindle (with or without dark mask), with white bib, tail tip, and white on all feet (which can be tips of toes and extended to to high stockings). At this moment, the white stockings that go above the elbow joint and the white collar or half collar (Irish mark) are treated disqualification in France.

Behavior of Azawakh:

Contrast to the geometric simplicity in the physical structure, the mental configuration of an Azawakh Dog is really quote complex, making the dog a bit hard to understand! Despite being intelligent, the Azawakh Dog exhibits certain typically primitive ambiguous instincts clearly distinguished beneath his decent behavior.Well, in this regard, I have heard some people comparing him as a "sugar coated tablet".... that's perfectly incorrect! Many the hound dogs show similar characteristics of being lupus rather than being a bit too familiar to all. Most of the dog breed tend to be too close to human, while others like to stay aloof and away from the human. Azawakh dog breed prefer to be between the two broad canine categories, with a bit inclined to the later! He is a perfect guard dog, with high degree of territoriality. He tends to bark ferociously at strangers and may even show a high “savageness” to the intruders according to the FCI Breed Standard. He requires to be highly socialized properly socialized and unless it done perfectly you can't expect him to approach a stranger with friendly overtures. To be very candid, Azawakhs are not truly a domestic pet - especially for novice pet owners .

Afrikan Azawakh Breed Recognition:

Until January 1, 1993 the Azawakh Dog breed wasn't recognized by the Azawakh was recognized by the United Kennel Club. The AKC Foundation Stock Service (FSS) is an optional recording service for the purebred Afrikan Azawakh Dogs that are not yet eligible for AKC registration. Other international FCI, UKC - NKC, CKC, APRI, ACR.

• FCI - Group 10 Section 3 #307
• AKC - Hound (FSS)
• KC (UK) - Hound
• UKC - Sighthounds and Pariah Dogs

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Central Asian Ovcharka Dog - A Rare Dog Breed

Here's another rare dog breed.... Central Asian Ovcharka. Although one amongst the very rare dog breeds, the large, muscular, Mastiff type Central Asian Ovcharka has marked its in the heart of many dog lovers across the world. Quite a lot impetuous, fearless and of steadfast valor, the Central Asian Ovcharka have always been amongst the most loved dog breeds in many countries. The heavy bones, large chests and wide backs of the Central Asian Ovcharka gives the dog an impression of tremendous innate strength.

Pronounced as "uhf-'chAr-ka", the word "ovcharka", which is also spelled as "ovtcharka" and "owcharka", is a Russian word that is used to denote something like a "sheepdog", "livestock guardian dog" or "shepherd's dog". Not specific to this particular breed of dog, the word "ovcharka", in Russia, is often used as as suffix to names of many working dog breeds, for instance, Belgian Sheepdog as bel'giyskaya ovcharka, German Shepherd Dog as nemetskaya ovcharka etc.

Native to Russia, "Ovcharkas" are actually four different categories: Central Asian Ovcharka (other names: Sredneaziatskaya Ovcharka, Central Asiatic Ovcharka, Central Asia Shepherd Dog, Middle Asian Ovcharka, Mid-Asiatic Sheepdog) Caucasian Ovcharka (other names: Kavkazskaya Ovcharka, Caucasian Shepherd/Sheepdog) South Russian Ovcharka (other names: Youzhnorusskaya Ovcharka or South Russian Sheepdog)East European Ovcharka.

Origin of Central Asian Ovcharka:

Not much could be traced about the Evolution and origin of the Central Asian Ovcharka, but researchers have concluded that CAS dog breed have been in existence for around 4000 years now. Central Asian Ovcharkas and the Caucasian Ovcharkas share a common origin - the Asiatic type of dogs that hailed from the Tibetan Mastiff. Both these breeds were bred by the shepherds, who made them work as the protection dog for their livestock against the predators, like leopards and wolves. Documentations about the Central Asian Ovcharkas states that the origin of these dogs is in Central Asia -- Central Asian Republics of the Former USSR.

General Appearance - Central Asian Ovcharka:

Preferred and praised by the shepherds for centuries for their innate stamina and ability to kill wolves, Central Asian Ovcharkas are often called " Volkodav" - a Russian word for "The Wolf Crusher"!

Central Asian Ovcharka is a giant dog with robust built, giving an impression of great strength. The short or moderately long hair with heavy undercoat give the dog a very different look from many of the other giant dog breeds that are commonly seen. Although ears used to be cropped and tail docked sometimes in the past, but due to the legal banning of cosmetic surgeries in many countries, these are not done these days. Taller at wither and slightly longer than the average dog breeds, the Central Asian Ovcharkas looks quite smart and powerful. Moderately large head without pronounced skull and stop, slightly low set short muscular neck with prominent dewlap, broad rump, fairly broad structure with strong muscular tone are the major beauty enhancing factors of the breed. Due to the well developed floating ribs the rib cages seems to be a bit longer, giving the dog a bit longer structure. The long straight heavy boned legs, with moderately defined angulation are stronger than most of the other dog breeds. Typical motion trait of Central Asian Ovcharka is gallop, though they can trot at ease for hours without getting exhausted.

The dog comes in a varied combination of colors... the most common of which are black-and-white, brindle, and fawns ranging from whitish shade to dark reddish.

Heights at maturity as per standard:

Males - 25 - 32 inches
Females - 23 - 27 inches

Weights at maturity as per standard:

Males - 121-176 lbs
Females - 88-143 lbs

Behavior of Central Asian Ovcharka:

Alike all Ovcharkas, the Central Asian Ovcharka has a well-balanced and even-temperament with a fair degree if intelligence and problem solving ability. Alike most of the guard and protection dogs they are quite suspicious of and aggressive toward the strangers, while independent enough with a strong-willed personality. Although apparently, he may seem to be a bit too phlegmatic to an intruder, but running away may be too late, once a stranger comes close to him. Unlike East European Ovcharkas, a Central Asian Ovcharka dog is naturally a stubborn breed, which makes him little difficult to train him for obedience. This is where his nature matches very much with Caucasian Ovcharka dogs. This calm and fearless flock guardian can make loving pet as they are are good with their family members.... not to forget the fact that they MUST be supervised with kids and socialized with children at vary early age.

Health Issues - CAS Dog:

Alike many of the large breed dogs, CAS dog is very much prone to hip and elbow displasia, although planned and selective breedings have mitigated the problem to a great extent. Although a deep chested dog breed, there hasn't been any evidence to conclude that this CAS dog breed is prone to bloat, as it is with many of the Mastiffs.

Recognitions:

Central Asian Ovcharkas have been recognized by FCI, UKC, NKC, ANKC, APRI, ACR and ARBA (American Rare Breed Association). The American Rare Breed Association allows the CAS dog owners to show their beloved CAS dogs in America. This rare dog breed has been placed under Working Group; used as flock and livestock guardians, Estates guards, and personal guardians.

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